Quantum Mechanical Tunneling Through Lobes of “p”, “d”, or “f” Atomic Orbitals is
NOT Required
I claim that all current models of atomic orbitals are wrong and grossly misleading by indicating that a “diffuse” cloud-shaped electron can tunnel from one “lobe” through the atomic nucleus (with its massive protons and neutrons) and end up on the opposing side.
The force required to tunnel through a nucleus is huge so a tiny electron can not tunnel from one side to the other. If you supposed that it actually does or could tunnel then most electron (orbitals) have a corresponding orbital electron which would have to either simultaneously transfer in the other direction, or be excited to a different orbital / state.
By having holes in the center of all atomic orbitals the electron does not need to tunnel through a massive nucleus. Please review the shapes shown below. I claim that all atomic (electron) orbitals actually have a large hole in their centers, and that the orbital path is chiral forming the chiral KNOT shapes shown below. Knots are a form of Topological structures that have been ignored in atomic physics and QED.
These KNOT shapes allow us to rethink the simple s, p, d and f orbitals. In chiral knot forms, the p, d, and f orbitals now have simpler interactions with the nucleus and the other electrons. Much needs to be rethought and tested.
These KNOT orbitals are quite elastic in a manner that we now define as “HYBRID” orbitals. We may not need to consider HYBRIDS.
The super-elastic nature of these KNOT orbitals explains how electrons absorb all ranges of EM albeit for a short time period after which the EM wave (photon) is re-emitted. This structure helps us to understand the infinite number of EM photos being “simultaneously” absorbed and release (emitted) with time periods ranging from 10(-25) sec to seconds. Again EM is being simultaneous absorbed and emitted from each orbital-nucleus interaction.
I suggest that it is all EM absorption or interaction is due to a Dipole Pair Interaction that involves both the Nucleus (as the positive +) and the Electron (as the negative -).
Quantum Tunneling on Wikipedia
In physics, quantum tunnelling, barrier penetration, or simply tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through a potential energy barrier that, according to classical mechanics, should not be passable due to the object not having sufficient energy to pass or surmount the barrier.
Tunneling is a consequence of the wave nature of matter, where the quantum wave function describes the state of a particle or other physical system, and wave equations such as the Schrödinger equation describe their behavior. The probability of transmission of a wave packet through a barrier decreases exponentially with the barrier height, the barrier width, and the tunneling particle’s mass, so tunneling is seen most prominently in low-mass particles such as electrons or protons tunneling through microscopically narrow barriers. Tunneling is readily detectable with barriers of thickness about 1–3 nm or smaller for electrons, and about 0.1 nm or smaller for heavier particles such as protons or hydrogen atoms.[1] Some sources describe the mere penetration of a wave function into the barrier, without transmission on the other side, as a tunneling effect, such as in tunneling into the walls of a finite potential well.[2][3]
Tunneling plays an essential role in physical phenomena such as nuclear fusion[4] and alpha radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. Tunneling applications include the tunnel diode,[5] quantum computing, flash memory, and the scanning tunneling microscope. Tunneling limits the minimum size of devices used in microelectronics because electrons tunnel readily through insulating layers and transistors that are thinner than about 1 nm.[6]
The effect was predicted in the early 20th century. Its acceptance as a general physical phenomenon came mid-century.[7]
Tunnelling problem
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The wave function of a physical system of particles specifies everything that can be known about the system.[8] Therefore, problems in quantum mechanics analyze the system’s wave function. Using mathematical formulations, such as the Schrödinger equation, the time evolution of a known wave function can be deduced. The square of the absolute value of this wave function is directly related to the probability distribution of the particle positions, which describes the probability that the particles would be measured at those positions.
As shown in the animation, a wave packet impinges on the barrier, most of it is reflected and some is transmitted through the barrier. The wave packet becomes more de-localized: it is now on both sides of the barrier and lower in maximum amplitude, but equal in integrated square-magnitude, meaning that the probability the particle is somewhere remains unity. The wider the barrier and the higher the barrier energy, the lower the probability of tunneling.
Some models of a tunneling barrier, such as the rectangular barriers shown, can be analysed and solved algebraically.[9]: 96 Most problems do not have an algebraic solution, so numerical solutions are used. “Semiclassical methods” offer approximate solutions that are easier to compute, such as the WKB approximation.
Mobius Shaped Electrons 